Froga

Lección 1: fundamentos de la estructura básica del ingles.

Lección 2: El present simple con el verbo “to be”

Lección 3: “Question verbs with the verb “to be” (present simple)

Lección 4: Demonstrative pronouns/adjectives, articles a/an and plural nouns

Lección 5: Possessive nouns and possessive adjectives

Lección 6: There is & There are (verbo haber en presente “hay”)

Lección 7: Dar Ordenes, instrucciones y peticiones. IMPERATIVE FORM

Lección 8: The Present Continuous tense

Lección 9: Prepositions of place (on, in, at)

Lección 10a: The simple present tense with other verbs (con los verbos que no son ser/estar)

Lección 10b: Simple present tense negative and question form (not with verb to be)

Lección 11: Prepositions of place (preposiciones de lugar)

Lección 12: Object Pronouns (Me, You, Him, Her, Us, You, Them)

Lección 13: Adverbs of frequency – adverbios de frecuencia

Lección 14: Modal verbs Can and Could to express ability

Lección 15: Past Simple (con el verbo to be) WAS/WERE

Lección 16a: Past Simple (con verbos NO to be) FORMA POSITIVA

Lección 16b: Past Simple (con verbos NO to be) FORMANEGATIVA y PREGUNTAS

Lección 17: Futuro con “GOING TO”

Lección 18: VERB: Like – Expresar Preferencias : VERBO GUSTAR

Lección 19: Como ofrecer algo en INGLES – would like to AND want

Como pensar en INGLES – ARTICULO 5

Lección 20: Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, yours, ours, theirs)

Lección 21: The comparative form ADJECTIVES – la forma comparative ADJETIVOS

Lección 22: Lista de preposiciones mas comunes en INGLES

Lección 23: Superlative Form – Modo superlativos de los adjetivos

Lección 24: Countable and Uncountable nouns – Sustantivos contables y no contables

Lección 25: Prepositions of time and place

Lección 26: The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (“Indefinite time in the past – Experiences” “ever”)

Sentence Pattern in English (fundamentos de la estructura básica del Inglés)Lesson 1 (Basic)

Hablaremos de :

- Nouns / Subjects / adjectives / verbs / adverbs / complement / modifiers

· Nouns : (sustantivos)

Names a person, place, thing or idea (Nombra a una persona, lugar, cosa, o idea)

Examples: John, love, world, picture, Madrid

· Subject: (Sujeto)

It is the person, place, thing or idea (a noun) that does the action of a sentence and it goes before the verb. (Es el sustantivo que realiza la accion de la oracion)

Examples of Subjects:

- George likes boats (George and boats are nouns but George is the subject)

- The weather was horrible yesterday.

- The bank closed early.

· Verb (verbo)

It shows the action of the subject. Every sentence must have a verb. (Hace la acción del sujeto y toda oracion necesita de un verbo)

Examples:

- My wife went to France.

- We have studied English all night.

- I am writing a letter.

- She works for IBM company.

• Adjective (adjetivo): Describes a noun (califica a un sustantivo) - Examples : Blue house , old man, interesting book, pretty woman etc…

• Adverb (adverbio): Describes the verb or adjective. (califica al verbo o adjetivo) – Examples: He walks slowly / He studies quietly (muchas veces acaba en -ly)

· Complement:

It completes the verb and it is usually a noun or noun phrase. Every sentence does not require a complement. The complement answers the question what? or whom? (Es el complemento del verbo y no es requerido tenerlo en toda oración).

• Modifiers: Tells about the time, place or manner of the action. (Hable del tiempo, lugar y manera de accion del verbo)

Subject	Verb	Complement	Modifier
John and I	ate	a pizza	last week
We	studied	english	last night

Pronouns and the verb (to be) in the present simple tense (Lesson 2)

Singular: I , You, He, She It

Plural: We you they

Verb to be (in the present form): am/is/are

Table # 1 (Positive form) Pronouns with the verb to be (am/is/are) and its Contractions

	“Subject”Pronouns	Verb (To be)	Contraction
1St	I	am	I’m
2nd	you	are	you’re
3rd	He/She/It	Is	he’s / she’s / it’s
PLURAL
1st	We	are	we’re
2nd	You		you’ re
3rd	They		they’re

Table 2 : (Negative form) Pronouns with the verb to be (am/is/are) and its Contractions

	“Subject”Pronouns	Verb (To be)	Contraction
1St	I	am + not	I’m not
2nd	you	are + not	you’re not / you aren’t
3rd	He/She/It	is + not	he’s / she’s / it’s + not or he/she/it + isn’t
PLURAL
1st	We	Are +not	we’re not / we aren’t
2nd	You		you’ re not / you aren’t
3rd	They		they’re not / they aren’t

Table # 3 (Questions)

	Verb (to be)	Subject Pronoun	Complement (optional)
1St	Am	I	a good student?
2nd	Are	you	married?
3rd	Is	he/she/it	your friend?
PLURAL
1st	Are	we	ready?
2nd		you	at home
3rd		they	tired?

Table 4: Short answers (Yes and no answers)

	Positive	Negative
1St	Yes, I am	No. I’m not
2nd	Yes, you are	No, you aren’t
3rd	Yes, he is	No, he isn’t / No, he’s not No, she isn’t / No, she’s not No, it isn’t/ No, it’s not
PLURAL
1st	Yes, we are	No, we’re not / No, we aren’t
2nd	Yes, you are	No, you’re not / No, you aren’t
3rd	Yes, they are	No, they’re not / No, they aren’t

Observaciones:

• Recuerden que en ingles siempre deben poner el Sujeto. En una oración positiva o negativa deberán seguir la formula (SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT) en donde el complement es opcional.

Ejemplo :
- Es bonita
- Is pretty (INCORRECTO) –> No hay sujeto y en el ingles es necesario
- She is pretty (Correcto)

• No se enamoren del verbo to be. Solo quiere decir ser o estar. Algunos creen que siempre lo deben poner pero depende de que acción haga el sujeto.

Ejemplo
- Juega futbol.
- He is play futbol (ERROR) –> el sujeto no hace 2 acciones a la vez.
- He plays football (CORRECTO)

Es decir, el sujeto puede hacer distintas acciones y el verbo to be solo es para expresar acciones de ser o estar. En otras lecciones aprenderemos como hacer oraciones con otros verbos

Algunos ejercicios de Grammar in Use Basic

Respuestas (Thanks to Dinorín from México)

*Ejercicios de Basic Grammar in Use. Copyright Cambridge University Press

Question words with the verb to be, preguntas con el verbo to be (LESSON 3)

Question words are those words that may go in the beginning of a question. When we use question words we do not use a yes or no answer.

Los “questions words” son las palabras específicas que se deben colocar al inicio de la frase pregunta en inglés. Cuando se utilizan estos no se responde con las respuestas cortas si o no (Yes, I am por ejemplo) Se responde con una oración completa ( S+V+C).

Ejemplo :
What’s your name?
I’m David Taylor. (The answer is a sentence)

With no question word:

Are you Maria?
No, I’m not (The answer is a yes/no because there isn’t a question word)

Question words are used to gather specific information. The following table shows the meaning of the question words in Spanish.

Table # 1 Question words (verb to be practice)

English	Spanish
Where	Donde
Why	Por que
Who	Quien
What / (time)	Que / Cual (a que hora)
Which	Que / Cual
How long	Por cuanto tiempo / para medidas
How often	Con que frecuencia
Whose	De quien
How many/much	Cuantos
How old	Edad
How	Como
How + adjetivo	Descripciones
How come	Como asi

Table # 2 (Question structure of the verb to be in the present simple with QW’s)

Question Word	Verb (to be)	Subject	Complement
What	is	(your) name?	[no complement]
How old	are	you?	[no complement]
Where	is	Juan	from?
Who	is	(the) present	for?

Remember:
In questions with the verb to be, only the question words can go in the beginning. Nothing may go in front of the question words in full questions.

¿ De donde eres? -> Lo lógico seria : From where are you? (INCORRECTO)
Recuerden que si algo va en su idioma antes del QW entonces lo mandamos al final en el complemento.

Correcto: Where are you from? (QW goes first)

Typical questions with the above properties:

What is this for? (¿Para que es esto?)
Who are the books for ? (¿Para quien son los libros?)
What is the movie about? (¿De que se trata la película?)

Preguntas importantes con sus respuestas para aprender:

Where are you from? – I’m from AustraliaWhat‘s (what + is) your address? – It’s 876 Snow Road.
What’s your nationality? – I’m Peruvian.
Whose pencil is this? – It is my pencil (Whose = de quien y va antes del sustantivo)
How old is Marcus? – He’s twenty years old.
Why are you sad? – Because I am sick.
How are you? – I’m fine, thank you.

Ejercicios Gracias a Basic Grammar in use:

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Demonstrative pronouns/adjectives, articles a/an and plural nouns (LECCION 4)

En esta clase hablaremos de los Demonstratives (This, that, these y those) y como estos pueden ser adjetivos o pronombres. También hablaremos de el articulo a/an y de como formar plurales en cuanto a los sustantivos.

1) Demonstrative pronouns/adjectives:

Singular	Plural	Distance
This	These	Close to the speaker
That	Those	Far from the speaker

• Demonstrative Pronouns: substitute nouns that are understood in context and indicate if they are replacing singular or plural nouns and give the location of the object.

Examples:
What’s that? (that se refiere a algo en singular y que se encuentra alejado de la persona)
- That is a book. (That es el sujeto pues va antes del verbo to be)

En estos casos son Demonstrative Pronouns pues renombran a un sustantivo (noun)

• Demonstrative Adjectives: these describe nouns and there position. In this case, you need to put a noun after the demonstrative adjectives.

Examples:
Whose is this umbrella? (el sustantivo es “umbrella” y “this” esta describiendo la localización)
- That umbrella is Juan’s. (De igual forma “that” describa la localizacion de el paragua pero umbrella es el sujeto y sustantivo)

En ingles es mas simple que en español asi que recomiendo aprender la estructura sin necesidad de traducir pues en espanol hay mas reglas.

2) Article (a/an)

Como vemos a/an se utiliza para decir “un” pero “a” va antes de consonantes y “an” antes de vocales o sonidos de vocales. (En pre-intermedio veremos las reglas de cuando usar “a/an”)

Ejemplos

What’s that? – This is my book ——– What are those? – These are cookies.
What’s this? – That’s your pen ——– What are these? – Those are guitars.
What’s that? – It’s a book. ———— What are those? – They are computers.

* Tambien se puede usar para personas:

Who’s that? — That’s Joe.
Who are those? — They are my friends (Those are my friends)

Ejercicios:

3) How to make plural nouns (como formar la forma plural de los sustantivos)

Es cuestion de practicar y de seguir las reglas. En cuanto a las formas irregulares, se les llama asi pues no hay regla para formar el plural.

Ejercicios / Exercises

*Ejercicios y figuras de Basic Grammar in Use. Copyright Cambridge University Press

Possessive forms: Possessive nouns and possessive adjectives 

(LECCION 5)

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

In this class we will discuss about how to form the possessive form for nouns and how to use the possessive adjectives correctly.

To form the possessive for a noun we must add to the noun an apostrophe (‘) and then the letter “s”.

Examples of regular nouns:

The boy’s name. (El nombre del chico) —- The boys’ toys. (los juguetes de los chicos)

The girl’s pen. (el lapicero de la chica) —-The girls’ pen. (el lapicero de las chicas)

Example of irregular nouns:

The man’s car is in the garage. (el carro del hombre esta en el garaje) —– The men’s cars are in the garage. ( los carros de los hombre estan en el garaje)

* Como ven, en los sustantivos regulares tienen que saber donde poner el “apostrophe” (‘) para dejar el claro si es possesión de singular y plural –> boy’s (singular) boys’ (plural).

En los irregulares es mas simple por que simplemente se agrega el “apostrophe” mas la letra “s”.

—> man’s (singular) men’s (plural) , child’s children’s …etc.

• FIGURA # 1

Possessive nouns with names:

With names we add the apostrophe plus the letter “s” before the noun or nouns that we want to show possession.

Examples:

Juan’s brother is sick. (El hermano de Juan esta enfermo)

Miguel’s house is very far. (La casa de Miguel esta muy lejos)

Carlos’ girlfriend is at the party. (La novia de Carlos esta en una fiesta)

* Noten que con nombres que acaben con “s” no se le agrega otra “s” sino simplemente el “apostrophe” (‘).

OBSERVATIONS:
We normally use (‘s) for people.
- I went (fui) to my brother’s house. (NOT the house of my brother)
- This is my mom’s sister.

We use of for things, places etc…
- What is the name of the movie.
- Lima is the capital of Peru.

________________________________________________________________

II) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

• Figura # 2

We can use the possessive adjectives BEFORE the nouns to show possession.
—> This is my BOOK. That’s her pencil. (Possessive adjectives need to be followed by a noun)

* En conclusión podemos utilizar los possessive nouns o los possesseive pronouns pero estos tienen que ser seguidos por un sustantivo. Los possessive pronouns son usados para especificar. En cambio, los possessive adjectives son usados cuando ya se sabe de quien estamos hablando.

• Figura # 3

* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE GRAMMAR IN USE  (Cambridge) Grammar practice (LONGMAN)

There is and there are, to describe that something or someone 

exists (Lesson/lección-6)

Structure and Use (there is/are)

There are and there is are forms used to express “existence of”. The structure is:
There + verb to be (is for SINGULAR nouns ; are for PLURAL nouns)

Examples:
- There is a guitar in my room. (A guitar “exists” in my room)
- There are two chairs in my room. (Two chairs “exist” in my room)

The following chart is the forms of “there is/are” in positive (+), negative (-), and questions (?)

Singular	Plural
(+) There is a {chair, book, man}	There are [some] {chairs, books, men}
(-) There isn’t a {laptop, bathroom}	There aren’t [any] {laptops, bathrooms}
(?) Is there a {problem, shirt}	Are there [any] {problems, shirts}

NOTES:

This table is only for COUNTABLE NOUNS. In the future we will talk about uncountable nouns. For this level when you use “there is” use the article “a”. In the plural “there are” you can use “some” for positive and “any” for negative and questions (some/any) is optional.

Nota: Estas reglas son para los sustantivos contables (aquellos que se pueden contar o poner en singular y plural). Por ejemplo “chair” es contable porque uno puede decir “chairs”. Un ejemplo de no contable es “water” o “rice”.

Some more examples:

FIGURA # 1

Problems with “there is/are”

- Be careful when you translate from Spanish into English. Remember, follow the Structure in English.

Problemas con “there is/are”

Esta es una de las primeras veces en que vemos que tenemos que tener cuidado en traducir ya que las estructuras del Español u otro idioma pueden ser distintas. En este caso SIGUAN LA ESTRUCTURA DE INGLES.

Un ejemplo:

Como se dice: ¿Hay algún restaurante cerca de aquí?

ERROR: Is there any restaurant near here?

Es un error pues restaurant es singular pero any va con plural.

Correct:

-Is there a restaurant near here?

- Are there any restaurants near here?

El problema es que ustedes quieren decir algún pero en ingles algún o algunos es “some/any” pero se usa solo en PLURAL. Así que por favor cuando traduzcan háganlo pero siempre teniendo en cuenta la estructura correcta. ESTO ES, EMPECEMOS A PENSAR EN INGLES. No es necesario traducir aunque es inevitable pero es un paso que se da después de saber y respetar las estructuras de el Ingles.

Exercise/ Ejercicios de “there is y there are”

Completar: Recuerden “There is (a) -> singular, There are -> Plural (se puede usar some/any)

Observaciones:

• Respuestas cortas

Is there a TV in your room?
(+) Yes, there is .(-) No, there isn’t.

Are there (any) books?
(+) Yes, there are. (-) No, there aren’t.

• There también es usado para decir “allí”.

Ejemplo : My brother is (over) there. (Mi hermano esta allí) – Over es opcional. En este post solo estamos estudiando el there + to be pero recuerden que tiene otros significados.

*Ejercicios y figuras de Basic Grammar in Use. Copyright Cambridge University Press

Dar ordenes e insturcciones en Ingles, Giving commands and orders with the Imperative form (LECCION 7)

In this lesson we will talk about how to give commands and orders and to use “please” with the imperative.

The Imperative pattern
It is used to give instructions, commands and orders. It is a very simple structure because we do not need to use the subject. The sentence is started with the verb or verb phrase and “don’t” is used for the negative form.

Positive form:
Verb: Example: (to write / to ask / to read / to bring / to take / to give / to be)

(+) Write your name on the sheet. {There isn’t any subject because it is an order)
(+) Read chapter 5 for tomorrow.
(+) Be quiet!

Negative form:
To use the negative form add the word “don’t” before the infinitive without to

(-) Don’t write on the table.
(-) Don’t read that book.
(-) Don’t bring food to the class.

Example: (figure # 1)

NOTE:
* We can use the word “please” to make a request or petition. We put it at the beginning or end of the imperative sentence (positive or negative).

Use a comma if “please” is at the end of a request. Don’t use a comma if “please” is at the beginning of a request.

Examples:
(+) Please be quiet.
(-) Don’t make noise, please.
(+) Bring me my sweater, please.

Apuntes del Profesor:

Como vemos, es una estructura simple pero es una buena forma de empezar a ver otros verbos además del verbo to be. Recuerden de que tienen que empezar a pensar en ingles así que cuando requieren dar una orden, instrucción o petición (con “please”) pueden utilizar la forma imperativa afirmativa o negativa. Si no saben el verbo basta con buscarlo en el diccionario y simplemente ponen la forma infinitiva sin el “to” antes.

Ejemplo:
No saben como decir “No saltes” Vas al diccionario y buscas y encuentras que saltar viene del infinitivo “to jump”. Por ende se dice “Don’t jump“

Practice with the verbs and pictures (Figure # 2)

EXERCISES:
Complete the sentences using the imperatives (positive or negative). Look at the pictures for help.

*Gracias a Basic grammar in use Copyright por las figuras y al libro Grammar Practice por los ejercicios.

Present continuous – progressive tense Uso y estructura, to be + -ing: el gerundio (LESSON 8)

The Present Continuous or present progressive tense

• Structure: S + verb to be (AM/IS/ARE) + -ing form of a verb+ Complement.
• Use: To describe actions that are happening at the moment (NOW).

La estructura consta del uso del verbo mas el gerundio. se usa para describir acciones que suceden en el momento. Se usa para explicar lo que uno esta haciendo ahora.

I) The positive form of the present continuous.

- Remember to use the Subject (this can be a subject pronoun or a noun -LESSON 1 Click AQUI) plus (+) the verb to be in the present tense (am/is/are) and complement (optional).

The following is the table of the positive form of the present continuous / progressive.

Table #1  ositive Form

Common mistakes:

- Students forget to use the verb to be

Example:

a) My father working (INCORRECT) —> My father IS working. (Correct)

- Sometimes students do not use the -ing form.

b) Robert is play with my sister (INCORRECT) —> Robert is playING with my sister. (CORRECT)

Recuerden de no omitir el sujeto. En español “Esta comiendo” esta usando un sujeto tácito. En ingles siempre debemos decir quien hace la acción (salvo en el imperativo) Entonces en “esta comiendo” el sujeto puede ser el, ella, o ello. En ingles seria “He/she /it is eating” dependiendo del contexto.

II) The negative form of the present continuous

The negative form is used by adding “not” after the verb to be in the present tense form. You may use contractions.

Table # 2:The negative form.

Common mistakes:

-Some students place the negative first. REMEMBER TO USE THE S+V+C !!!

a) Not working my father (INCORRECT) —> My father isn’t (is + not) working (CORRECT)

- Students use the don’t/doesn’t to do the negative:

b) She doesn’t playing (INCORRECT) —> She isn’t playing (CORRECT)

III) The question form of the present continuous.

We have to put the verb to be + the subject + -ing form + the complement.

Are you watching TV?

Remember that we can use the Question words before the structure:

Examples:

- What are you doing? Answer: I am studying English with my virtual teacher.

- Where is Pedro going? Answer: He is going to the shopping mall.

Table # 3: Question form

Common mistakes:

- Students do not change the order of the verb to be with the subject:

a) He is working? (INCORRECT) —> Is he working? (CORRECT)

- Students use do or does in questions:

b) Do you studying? (INCORRECT) —> Are you studying? (CORRECT)

IV) Let’s practice ! (Ejercicios de practica)

V) Exercises (ejercicos) – TAREA – HOMEWORK:

* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE GRAMMAR IN USE  (Cambridge) Grammar practice (LONGMAN)

Prepositions of place on in at, Preposiciones de lugar en 

ingles (on in at) LECCION 9 

Preposition of place (at, on, in)

Part 1: Uses of at, in, and on

• In: We use in to specify that a noun (object, person etc) is inside.

Figura #1:

Examples:

- Where is your father? He’s in the kitchen.

- Who is in the room?

- Brian was swimming in the ocean.

- Bogota is in Colombia.

* “IN” es usado para decir y explicar que un objeto, animal o persona se encuentra dentro de un lugar, objeto o sitio.

• At: We use at to refer to a “general” location.

Figura # 2

Examples:

- Maria is at the window talking on the phone.

- Juan is at the table with his girlfriend.

- Please read the paragraph at the top of the page.

- The restaurant is at the end of German Avenue.

*AT: es usado para explicar que un objeto animal o persona se encuentra en el sitio de forma general. Es decir, si uno quiere decir: “Mi padre esta en la puerta” uno no puede utilizar “in” puesto que “in” es usado para decir que algo se encuentra dentro de otro y una persona no puede estar dentro de una puerta. Es por eso que en estos casos uno habla de forma general. Por ende seria de la forma siguiente: “My father is at the door”.

• On: We use on when we want to say that an object or person is on the surface of another object.

Examples:

- Your books are on the shelf.

- Don’t put your hands on my head.

- There is an orange on the table.

We always say : on a horse, on a bike (bicycle) , on a motorcycle and we usually say on a plane.

*ON:Es usado para explicar que un objeto esta sobre la superficie de otro.

Lets Practice !!! (Part 1)

Figura 4:

Part 2 – rules to use (at, in, on)

- Reglas para usar (at, in, on). En los siguientes cuadros vemos frases comunes que van con at, in y on.

Let’s Practice !!!  Figure 5:

Homework – Tarea

Parte 1: Uso de (in on at) – Write the correct preposition (on in at)

* Gracias al libro Grammar in use Basic level por los ejercicios y figuras

Simple present positive form – La forma positiva de el presente 

simple en ingles (LECCION 10a-grammar)

Welcome to lesson 10a (1st of two parts) where we will talk about the present simple tense with other verbs that are not the verb to be. We are going to look at the structure and the use of the simple present tense.The present simple tense (with verbs that are not TO BE)

• Structure / form:

The forms (or conjugations) of the present simple tense are two. Remember that with the verb to be there are three forms (am, is, are). To form the present simple conjugations we first need to have the verb. In this example we will use the verb to play.

Verb to play
One conjugation is formed by eliminating the “to” — > play
The other conjugation is formed by adding “s” or “es”. —>plays

So you can now form the conjugations of any verb in the present simple!
- to work: work / works
- to study: study / studies
- to watch : watch / watches
- to bring : bring / brings
- to get : get / gets
- to dance: dance / dances

Note : With the verb to have the conjugations are —> have / has (NOT haves)

Now we learned to conjugate and form the verbs. Let’s learn what pronouns go with the correct form.

He / she / it ————> with the “s” form (plays)
I / you / we / you / they ———-> normal form without the “to” (play)

*Como vemos, en el present simple existen solo dos conjugaciones con los verbos que no son “to be” (con los to be son tres conjugaciones : am, is, are). Estas dos conjugaciones son formadas muy fácilmente. Una es formada con solo quitarl

e el “to” (play) y la otra forma es agregándole la letra “s” o “es”. Cuando comparamos con el español vemos que esto es mas sencillo puesto que con el verbo jugar las conjugaciones son: juego, ju

egas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, y juegan. Entonces si hablan el español el ingles véanlo como algo mas simple y sencillo.

Figure #1: The positive form of the simple present tense

• Use (uso del presente simple)

Now that we know the structure/form it is IMPORTANT to understand when we use the simple present. This will help us talk and participate in conversations. Without knowing the use, we will have problems expressing ourselves.

We use present simple in the following situations:

- To express habits and routines.
Juan plays football on Saturday.
I go to work everyday at 8:00 am.

- General, mathematical and scientific truths:
English people drink a lot of tea
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

NOTE: THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IS NOT USED TO DESCRIBE SITUATIONS THAT ARE HAPPENNING AT THE MOMENT (NOW)

**La forma y estructura es importante pero es indispensable saber el uso. Es decir, tenemos que entender cuando y en que situaciones utilizamos el simple present tense. Estas es la única forma de empezar a pensar en ingles. Cuantas veces me encuentro con alumnos que saben rellenar un examen pero no saben hablar. Esto es porque no prestan atención al uso. El uso les permitirá usar el tiempo correcto en la situación correcta y les ayudara a tener conversaciones fluidas. Olvídense de traducciones antes de hablar ingles. Esto les traerá problemas y les hará hablar lento. Simplemente piensen y practiquen el uso de los tiempos.

Como vemos usamos el tiempo present simple cuando queremos expresar, rutinas, hábitos, y verdades generales, matemáticas científicas. NO SE UTILIZA EL PRESENT SIMPLE PARA EXPRESAR UNA ACCION QUE ESTA SUCEDIENDO EN EL MOMENTO:

Figure #1: The positive form of the simple present tense

Common errors:
Remember that when we use “other verbs” we DO NOT use the verb to be:
- I’m have two sisters (INCORRECT) — I have two sisters (Correct)
- She is plays in the park (INCORRECT) —– She plays in the park (Correct)

*Recuerden de no usar el verbo to be cuando quieran expresar otra acción. “I” va con “am” solo cuando ustedes quieran decir estoy o soy. SI quieren decir: Yo juego, no es posible decir “I am play” puesto que están diciendo que yo soy/estoy jugar.

Figure # 2: Let’s practice

Figure # 3 (Look at the pictures and practice)

HOMEWORK

* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE GRAMMAR IN USE  (Cambridge) Grammar practice (LONGMAN)

The Present Simple, forma negativa y preguntas interrogativa- Question and negative form (LECCION 10b)

Este es la segunda parte de la lección 10 que es llamada lección 10b. En la primera lección (10a) vimos la forma positiva de los verbos que no son “to be” y aprendimos como conjugarlos. Ahora veremos y estudiaremos juntos la forma negativa y de pregunta.

The Simple Present tense

Negative form

The structure of the negative structure is formed by adding the auxiliaries do or does plus the negation not

Do + not —> don’t
Does + not —> doesn’t

These auxiliaries are used TO HELP you. When you use the auxiliary the verb is always in its simple.

Remember:
In positive we had 2 conjugations for every verb (not to be)
- play/plays , work/works, study/studies, watch/watches, etc…

The conjugation is simple: HE / SHE / IT —- with the “s” form and I / WE / YOU / THEY —- simple form

Examples:
My brother works for IBM.
My parents live in Paris.

IN THE NEGATIVE FORM THE AUXILIARY CHANGES FORM AND NOT THE VERB.

He / she / it + doesn’t + verb (simple form)
I / We / You / They + don’t + verb (simple form)

Figura #1:

Question form

The question structure is formed by following the following structure

Question word + [do / does + SUBJECT + Verb (simple form)] + Complement

We use the auxiliaries do and does in the question form and they have to agree with the subject
The conjugation is the following:
Does —–> he/she/it
Do ———-> I/we/you/they

The verb ALWAYS stays in the simple form (not with the “s” form)

Short Answers

Las respuestas cortas son con los auxiliares do y does con la forma positiva y don´t y doesn’t con la forma negativa. La respuesta corta se refiere a cuando responde solo si o no.

Do you study English for free in InglesTotal? ———-> Yes, I do

Yes, (I, you, we, you, they) do. ———— No, ( (I, you, we, you, they) don’t.

Yes, (he,she,it does)————————- No, (he,she,it )doesn’t

Figura #2

Let’s Practice

Conclusion:

The auxiliaries appear in the negative and question form with the verbs that are not to be.

Example:
(+) Juan plays soccer.
(-) He doesn’t play soccer.
(?) Does he play soccer?

*VERB TO BE (NO AUXILIARIES!!!)
(+) She is a teacher
(-) She isn’t a teacher.
(?) Is she a teacher?

Nota: Recuerden que cuando usen el verbo to be (es decir cualquier conjugacion de ser o estar en el presente) no se usan los auxiliares puesto que estos se usan solo con los demas verbos y en negativo y en pregunta)

Tarea / Homework

I) Cambie las oraciones de formpositiva a forma negativa

II) Escriba la forma de pregintas de las siguientes oraciones

III) Llene los vacios con la forma correcta de los auxiliares.

* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE GRAMMAR IN USE  (Cambridge) Grammar practice (LONGMAN)

Prepositions of place Preposiciones de lugar (LESSON 11)

Welcome !!! In this lesson (lección 11)we will talk about moreprepositions of place. Remember that we studied the prepositions of place in lesson “” Propositions of place

Clase muy sencilla pues veremos algunas prepociciones de lugar. Estudiaremos los siguientes next to, between, in front of, behind (in back of), across from, by (beside), under, below and above)

FIGURA # 1

Examples:

- Adam is next to Bob
- Bob is between Don and Adam,
-Don is in front of  Bob and Carla
- Carla is behind (in back of) Don

Figura # 2

Examples:

Anne is across from (opposite) Christa

FIGURA # 3

Example:

- The man is by (next to) the window

FIGURE # 4

Example:

- The Cat is under the table.
- The girl is under the tree.

FIGURA #5

Examples:

- A is above B and B is below A

** NOTA: SIEMPRE SE DICE ON THE LEFT y ON THE RIGHT

Let’s Practice (FIGURA # 6)

Exercices (oral) — IN AUDIO

FIGURA #7

Exercices

1) The cat is ________ the table
2) There’s a big tree ________ the house
3) The plane if flying _______ the clouds
4) She’s standing __________ the piano.
5) The movie theater is _________ the right
6) He’s sitting _________ the phone
7) The calendar is __________ the clock
8 ) The cabinet is ________ the sink.
9) There are some shoes _________ the bed.
10) The plant is _________ the piano.
11) Paul is sitting _________ Anna.
12) In Japan people drive ________ the left.

* Las respuestas estan en el audio

* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE GRAMMAR IN USE  (Cambridge) Grammar practice (LONGMAN)

Object Pronouns – Pronombres de objeto en inglés (LECCION 12)

En esta lección hablaremos de los object pronouns y para esto es importamte que entiendan bien los subject / subjective pronouns (LECCIÓN 2)

Object Pronouns:

Definition:: It is a pronoun that is used as an object in the sentence.

Remember: A subjective or subject pronoun does the action and goes BEFORE the verb while object pronouns go AFTER the verb.

OBJECT PRONOUNS :

SINGULAR: —> Me (first person) You (2nd) Her / him / it (third person)

PLURAL —> Us (1st) You (2nd) Them (3rd)

Figura 1

** No confundir con los possessive adjectives : my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their (VER LECCION 5 AQUI)

Figura # 2

* Como vemos los object pronouns reciben la action del verbo y pueden ser direct or indirect objects. EN español esto se entiende como me, le, se, nos, os etc.. En ingles siempre que hay un object pronoun hay que colocarlo en la oración (al igual que con el subject pronoun).

Otros Ejemplos:
Imaginense que ven unos zapatos y dicen “Me gustan”. Esto en ingles no es I like o peor Me like. Primero que I like esta incompleto puesto que no se dice elo objeto. Me like es una patada a mi higado puesto que los object pronouns nunca hacen la acción. Lo corrcto es. I like them. (them por que se refiere a zapatos)

- La oracion: Quiero darle un beso. —–> I want to give her a kiss. (suponiendo que el objeto es una mujer)

Ejemplo:

Le quiero mucho. —–>> Quien quiere (subject) a quien quiere (object)

I love him/her. (Como vemos no hay tácito y se debe poner el “I” y tambien el objecto (en este caso indirecto) him her o tambien it deacuerdo al contexto.

Let’s Practice

Circle the correct pronouns

1) We/Us usually see they/them.

2) I/Me write to she/her everyday.

3) He/Him loves her/she very much but she/her doesn’t love he/him.

4) Please don’t wait for she/her.

5) Do you like he/him?

Homework / Tarea

Adverbs of frequency Adverbios de frecuencia (LECCION 13)

Adverbs of Frequency

We use adverbs of frequency to say how often we do things. Adverbs of frequency go before all verbs EXCEPT the verb to be.

De menos a mas:

Never – hardly ever – rarely (seldom) – sometimes – usually (often)- always

Note 1: Remember that with never and hardly ever we use POSITIVE sentences.

Example:
- We don’t never smoke. (INCORRECT)
- We never smoke.

Note 2: With don’t and doesn’t we use the adverb of frequency after these and before the verb.
Example:
- We don’t usually travel.

Note 3: Sometimes can go at the beginning of the sentence. (Sometimes puede ir al comienzo de una oración)

The adverbs of frequency answer the typical question starting with “How often”.

Examples:
1) How often do you brush your teeth?
I always brush my teeth

2) How often does your mother cook?
She seldom/rarely cooks.

3) How often is Claudio late for class.
He is never late for class

** How often = Con que frecuencia. Para decir la horas exacta uno tambien puede preguntar (What time?) Para responder la hora exacta utilizamos la preposicion “at” antes de la hora.

Ejemplo:
What time do you wake up?
I wake up at 7:00 am.

Let’s Practice

Before we practice we need to learn some common verbs that we do everyday.
FIGURA # 1

_________________________________________________________________

Ejerccicios:

Complete the sentences with an adverb of frequency

1) They _________ drive. They don´t have a car.
2) I _______ eat turkey. (Only at Christmas)
3) She doesn’t have a watch so she’s _________ late.
4) We __________ get up at 8:00, except Saturdays and Sundays.
5) I ________ play tennis (when I have time)

Homework (Tarea)

* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE GRAMMAR IN USE  (Cambridge) Grammar practice (LONGMAN)

Modal verb Can and Could – Ability (LECCION 14)

Modal Verbs Can and Could (to talk about abilities)

We can use can (for present) and (could) for past to talk about abilities. The form of the modal verbs are very simple. All the verbs go with the same modal verb plus the infinitive without “to”.

Example:

Maria can play the piano very well. (Maria has the ability of playing the piano)

They can play soccer.

I can speak English.

** Can y Could se utiliza para describir acciones referentes a habilidades. La forma es muy simple ya que va con una sola conjugación para todoas las personas. Can es para describir habilidades en el tiempo presente y Could para habilidades en el pasado.

Positive and Negative form (Modal Verb Can/could)

Figura 1

Modal Verb	Subject	Infinitivo without to
| | | CAN / COULD | | |	I you he she it we you they	| | VERB – Simple form (DANCE) | |

Ejemplos:

1) Can you play the guitar?

2) Can your sister speak French?

3) Can they dance salsa?

**BONUS

En el básico solo quiero que se enfoquen en usar can y could para describir habilidades pero can y could tambien pueden ser usados para pedir favores. En este caso Can = Could

Ejemplo:

1) Can / Could you open the door please?

2) Can /Could they bring more beers?

Short Answers

Yes, ( I you he she it we they) can/could – No ,( I you he she it we they ) can’t/couldn’t

Exercises / Ejercicios (Figura 3)

* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE GRAMMAR IN USE  (Cambridge) Grammar practice (LONGMAN)

Simple Past: Verb To be – El Pasado de ser/estar (LECCION 15)

The Simple Past Tense (with the verb to be)

Similar to the Present simple tense, The simple past is divided in two main parts. The form with the “to be” and with “other verbs”

Quiero que quede claro que esta regla que vamos a aprender a continuación es solo para las conjugaciones del verbo ser y estar. Si utilizan otros verbos llevará otra forma. Es muy similar al “Present Tense” Si recuerdan bien, con los verbos to be la regla era distinta que con los demas verbos. Por favor si esto no esta claro visiten las siguientes lecciones:

Forma del PRESENT TENSE (VERBO TO BE)
- LECCION 2 : The present tenes Verb To be (Positive and Negative)
- LECCION 3 : The present tense Verb To be (Question form)

Forma del PRESENT TENSE (Other Verbs)
- LECCION 10a : The present simple tense OTHER VERBS (Positive)
- LECCION 10b : The present simple tense OTHER VERBS (negative form and questions)

Let’s remember the Simple Present Tense with the verb to be

FIGURA 1

In present tense we used: Am / Is / Are

It is quite simple. We DO NOT use auxiliaries (do, does, don’t and doesn’t) To form the negative we just add the “not” and for questions we just switch the SUBJECT and the VERB TO BE

NOW IN PAST TENSE WE USE ONLY 2 CONJUGATIONS! >>> WAS & WERE
I/He / she / it — was (Positive) Wasn’t (Negative)
we / you / They— were (Positive) Weren’t (Negative)

Short Answers

Look at the next table. This is how we answer yes/no questions

Let’s Practice

Homework

Notas del profesor:
Como vemos, el Simple Past Tense con los verbos to be es casi igual al Simple Present tense son el verbo to be. La diferencia es que en vez de usar las conjugaciones “AM/IS/ARE” vamos a utilizar “WAS/WERE”.

* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE GRAMMAR IN USE  (Cambridge) Grammar practice (LONGMAN)

The Simple Past Tense OTHER VERBS – LECCION 16a

Syntax (POSITIVE FORM):

I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they + VERB (PAST FORM) + Complement

ESTO QUIERE DECIR QUE PARA TODAS LAS PERSONAS HAY UNA SOLO CONJUGACION . Lo único que hay que aprender es a formar esta conjugación. Esto depende si es REGULAR o IRREGULAR verb.

The verb in the past simple form can be REGULAR or IRREGULAR

• Regular Verbs:

To from the irregular from we need to add “ed” to the infinitive form.
For example:
to watch -> watched | to talk -> talked | to wash -> washed (FIGURA 1)

EXAMPLES: NO IMPORTA CUAL ES EL SUJETO: SIEMPRE LLEVARA LA MISMA CONJUGACION

1) Maria played soccer last week.
2) Pedro and Juan watched TV yesterday
3) We studied for the test but we all failed.
4) They talked on the phone for two hours last night.

• Irregular verbs

The past forms of the irregular forms DO NOT end in “-ed”. They have different forms and we need to learn them gradually. Here is a list to begin with: (FIGURA 3)

Exercises : ASI SEA REGULAR O IRREGULAR TODAS LAS PERSONAS LLEVARAN LA MISMA CONJUGACION

1) We went to the movies last weekend
2) They were hungry and ate the whole chicken.
3) She went to the mall and spent a lot of money.
4) Diego got up very late.
5) I came home early yesterday.

PRACTICE

Let’s Practice

Complete the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in the past simple tense

Homework (Tarea)

CONCLUSION

Hemos aprendido la forma del SIMPLE PAST con los demas verbos (que no son to be) pero solo en la forma affirmativa.

RECUERDEN:

* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE GRAMMAR IN USE  (Cambridge) Grammar practice (LONGMAN)

Simple Past – Negative and question form LECCION 16b

n esta lección aprenderemos la forma negativa y positiva del tiempo PAST SIMPLE con verbos que no son ser o estar. Recuerden de repasar las lecciones anteriores y de siempre practicar. (LAS RESPUESTAS DE LA TAREA ESTAN AL FINAL DE LOS AUDIOS)

The past simple tense (NEGATIVE FORM)

Remember:
To form the past simple in the positive we need to conjugate the verb to the past form. This past form may be in the regular and irregular form.

Regular : verbs that end in -ed
- worked / studied / finished / stayed / liked / watched / worked / lived etc…

Irregular: verb change form
- ate / went / bought / read (pronunciado como “red”) / got up / woke up / spent … etc

To form the positive: S +V +C

I / you / he / she / it / we / you /they —- went —- to the park

** RECUERDEN QUE TODAS LAS PERSONAS USAN 1 SOLA CONJUGACION

NEGATIVE FORM:

In the negative form we need to use the auxiliary did + not (didn’t). remember that when we use the auxiliary we put the verb in the INFINITIVE form. The auxiliary didn’t is used in the negative form with verbs that are not to be. DO NOT USE DIDN’T WITH WAS OR WERE!!!

TABLE # 1

Subject	Auxiliary (did) + not	Infinitive
I You She He It We They	Did not (didn’t)	Study Work Play Go Eat Arrive Live

Ejemplos (TABLE # 2):

Positive form	Negative form
I went to school	I didn’t go to school
She studied all night	She didn’t study all night
They ate a lot	They didn’t eat a lot
We had lunch	We didn’t have lunch

• Simple Past (QUESTION FORM) – TABLE # 3:

In the question form we need to use the auxiliary “Did” and we have to write the verb in the INFINITIVE form

Auxiliary (Did)	Subject	Infinitive
|| | | Did | | |	I You He She It We You They	Study Work Play Go Eat Arrive Live Sleep

We can also place the question word before this structure.

QW + DID + Subject+ Verb (Infinitive)

Examples:

- What did you do yesterday?
- Where did Maria go last week?
- What time did Pedro leave the party?
- When did Sarah get married?
- How many bottles of beer did they drink?

• Let’s compare present simple with past simple

TABLE: 4

Present Simple	Past Simple
(-) I don’t study	I didn’t study
(-) She doesn’t work	She didn’t work
(?) Does she study?	Did she study?
(?) Do you like movies?	Did you like the movie?

*** Como vemos en esta comparación, lo único que cambia es el auxiliar. Recuerden que el auxiliar DID (ademas de do y does)APARECEN EL LA FORMA NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA CON VERBOS QUE NO SON TOBE.

• Short Answers (respuestas cortas)

Examples:

Did you see Pam yesterday? ——– No, I didn’t.
Did it rain on Sunday? ———– Yes, it did.
Did Helen come to the party? ———– No, she didn’t.
Did your parents have a good trip?——— Yes, they did.

• MARCADORES DE TIEMPO DEL PASADO: TABLE 5

Examples:

- I studied English last night.
- She finished school 3 years ago.
- Martin wanted to go to the movies yesterday.
- We went to New York 5 months ago.

HOMEWORK / TAREA

* FIGURAS Y EJERCICIOS DE GRAMMAR IN USE  (Cambridge) Grammar practice (LONGMAN)

Going to – Future LECCION 17

oday we are going to talk about plans in the future using “going to”. En esta LECCION 17 hablaremos de como expresar planes en el futuro.

Hoy les presentamos un nuevo tiempo que esta relacionado al futuro. Se trata de la estructura “going to”. Es muy similar al PRESENT CONTINUOUS ya que requiere del verbo to be y going es el verbo go mas la terminación “ing” conocido como GERUND.

Tengo que hacerles recordar que para que ustedes hablen en inglés no solo es importante saber la estructura sino saber en que momento usarla. Esto se logra por analizar la situacion y saber el uso correcto de las estructuras aprendidas. Por ejemplo, cuando necesitamos hablar de rutinas usamos el PRESENT SIMPLE (How often do you go to the dentist?) Usamos el PRESENT CONTINUOUS para hablar de acciones que estan sucediendo en el momento (What are you doing?). Para expresar habilidades usamos CAN y para hablar de tiempos definidos del pasado el PAST SIMPLE.

Así que recuerden que no es necesario traducir porque esto les traera problemas. Es mejor PENSAR en Inglés y esto solo se logra con práctica.

FUTURE – GOING TO —> PLANS

Syntax:

Subject + to be + going to + infinitive

USE:

We use the future with “GOING TO” to talk about plans

POSITIVE FORM

Subject	Verb To be	Going to	Infinitive
I	Am	Going to	dance
He / She / It	Is		Study
We / You / They	Are		Go shopping

Examples:
- Maria’s going to travel this holiday.
- They’re going to go to a very expensive restaurant.
- I’m going to come home late.

NEGATIVE FORM

Subject	Verb To be + not	Going to	Infinitive
I	Am not	Going to	Clean
He / She / It	Is not (isn’t)		Cook
We / You / They	Are not (aren’t)		travel

- I’m not going to go to the party.
- Juan isn’t going to work today.
- They aren’t going to stay at that hotel.

QUESTION FORM

Question Word	Verb To Be	Subject	Going to	Infinitive
What	Am not	I	Going to	Do
Where	Is not (isn’t)	He / She / It		Go
—————–	Are not (aren’t)	We / You / They		travel

Ejemplos:
- What are you going to do later?
- What is she going to cook?
- Are they going to attend the meeting?
- Where is Maria going to study?

Short answers are with the to be verb

- Yes, I am – Yes, you are – No, he isn’t – No, they aren’t ETC

Errores típicos

Recuerden de NO USAR el do/does (para preguntas) & el don’t y doesn’t (para negativos). NO SE USAN porque usamos el verbo to be.

- INCORRECTO: I don’t going to study.
- CORRECTO: I‘m not going to study.

- INCORRECTO: Where do you going to go?
- CORRECTO: Where are you going to go?

Recuerden de NO OLVIDAR de poner el verbo TO BE

- INCORRECTO: Juan going to buy beer.
- CORRECTO: Juan is going to buy beer.

Verbo Gustar – Like – Como Expresar Preferencias en INGLES (LECCION 18)

Present Simple (verb to like)

USE (Think in ENGLISH!)
We use the verb to like in the present simple to talk aboutPREFERENCES or to express interest about something or someone.

• Subject + verb to like + NOUN

When we talk about nouns (what is a noun?) after the verb to like we talk about things in general therefore we use THE PLURAL FORM for countable nouns.

EXAMPLES:

- I like mangoes. ( NOT: i like a mango)
- Do you like dogs or cats?
- What kind of movies does your friend like?

NOTE:
With nouns that are UNCOUNTABLE (nouns you cannot form in plural e.g. RICE, WATER, MUSIC) we DO NOT put it in a plural form obviously.

Examples:

- Maria likes beer. (NOT: Maria likes beers because beer in an uncountable noun in English)
- What kind of music do you like?
- I like Italian food.

• Subject + verb to like + “verb” GERUND FORM (-ing)

When we want to use a “verb” as a complement we use the verb in the gerund form (-ING ENDING e.g dancing, going out, running, swimming etc)

Examples:

- I like going to the disco.
- My wife likes cooking.
- What do you like doing?

NOTE:

In American English you can use the gerund OR the infinitive form after the verb to like.

Example:

Carlos likes teaching English — OR — Carlos likes to teach English.

*** Notas del profesor.
Vemos que el verbo to like es para hablar de preferencias y de gustos en el PRESENT SIMPLE. Si el complemento es un sustantivo usamos la forma plural a no ser que sea un sustantivo no contable. Cuando se use el verbo en el complemento usamos la forma gerundia que es el verbo mas la terminación “ING”.

En en inglés americano se puede usar en infinitivo (to dance) en vez de el gerundio. En InglesTotal vamos a recomendar usar la forma gerundio porque los mejores libros lo recomiendan y en muchos examenes tendrán que usar la forma de gerundio.

Como ofrecer algo en INGLES (LECCION 19)

How do we offer something in English?

Now that we know the structure of some tenses (e.g Present simple, continuous, past, modal verb can, going to) it is important that we focus on PRODUCING and in thinking in English. Remember that we need to look at the situation and use the correct form and structure in English and AVOID TRANSLATING. We do not need to translate because this can be confusing.

** Ahora que sabemos algunas estructuras básicas es importante que sepamos que estructura usar en la situación indicada. Debemos EVITAR traducir oraciones completas ya que en Español muchas veces se utilizan distintas estructuras que en el INGLES. Veamos entonces como ofrecer algo en INGLES.

• Using the verb “WANT”

We use the verb want to offer something in English. When we use the verb to want we to offer something we will use the present simple.

Example:
a) What do you want to drink?
b) I want a glass of water.
a) Do you want to eat anything?
b) Sure. What is there?
a) There is some chicken.
b) Yeah, I want some chicken.

When we use want it is considered not very formal.

OBSERVATIONS WITH THE VERB TO WANT:

When we use a “verb” after the verb  like, we will use TO +INFINITIVE

TABLE 1

Subject	Vern to want	Infinitive
I/we/you/they	Want	To study
He/she/it	Wants	To be famous

*** Recuerden que hay verbos a los cuales le siguen el infinitivo con el “to” por delante (como want) y hay verbos que son seguidos por el gerindio o forma -ing (como like)

• Using WOULD YOU LIKE ?

We use would you like to offer something. It is a FORMAL WAY to offer. The structure of “would” is the same as the structure of “can”.

*** Como utilizar el “would”: Es muy simple. Lo usamos igual que el “CAN”. Si no saben como usar el “can” ir a LA LECCION 14 CLICK AQUI

Examples:

a) What would you like to drink?
b) I’d (I + would) like some beer.
a) I am sorry, We don’t have any beer. Would you like some wine?
b) Yes, I would.
a) And what would you like to eat?
b) I’d like a sandwich.

Similar to want, when we use a “verb” after WOULD LIKE we will use the TO + INFINITIVE.

TABLE 2

Subject	Would like	Infinitive
I/we/you/they	Would like	To travel
He/she/it	Would like	To drink

*** recuerden que despues de would like va la forma to + infinitive. WOULD LIKE no es lo mismo que LIKE

• DO YOU LIKE? ———VS———-WOULD YOU LIKE?

Do you like?:

We use the verb like to talk about preferences (If you have questions READ LESSON 17)

Example:
a) Do you like apples? (Do you like it in GENERAL – We use the plural form if it is a countable noun)
b) Do you like dancing? (we use the gerund form after the verb to like)
Would you like?:

We use would like to offer.

Example:
a) Would you like an apple? ( we are offering an apple at the moment – we use singular if it is a countable noun
b) Would you like to go to the cinema? (We some TO + INFINITIVE after WOULD LIKE)

Possessive Pronouns – LECCION 20

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

The Possessive pronouns are:

MINE / YOURS / HIS / HERS / ITS / OURS / YOURS / THEIRS

To understand these pronouns it is important to review the pronouns that we already know.

TABLE 1:

“Subject” Pronouns	Object Pronouns	Possessive Adjectives	Possessive Pronouns
I	Me	my	mine
You	You	Your	Yours
He	Him	His	His
She	Her	Her	Hers
It	It	Its	Its
We	Us	Our	Ours
You	You	Your	Yours
They	Them	Their	Theirs

These are the pronouns that we know so far. Remember that the “Subject” and Object pronouns refer to people, places and things (nouns) and the Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns refer to possessions.

Como vemos estos son todos los pronombres aprendidos hasta la fecha. Les hago recordar que es importante aprenderlos y saber las diferencias que existen entre ellos. Los “Subject” y object pronouns van a tomar el lugar de sustantivos y los possessive adjectives y possessive pronouns se utiliza para expresar posesión. Les recomiendo escuchar bien el audio para despejar dudas.

Si tienen aún dudas visitar la lección 12 de object pronouns AQUI o también ver la leccíon 5 de posessive adjectives AQUI

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS vs POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

We use both to talk about possession but they have different rules. LET’S COMPARE

• Possessive Adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)

When we use the possessive adjectives IT IS NECESSARY TO PUT A NOUN AFTER the possessive adjective.

Example:
I didn’t take my book. (YOU NEED TO PUT “BOOK”)

Maria went to her house.

We need to put the noun after the possessive adjective “my”.

• Possessive Pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)

When we use the possessive pronouns WE DO NOT PUT THE NOUN AFTER the possessive pronoun.

Example: “We are talking about a book”

- That is mine.
- Maria didn’t take hers.

It is not necessary to put book because possessive pronouns can stand alone.

*** Entonces entendemos que con los possessive adjectives es necesario que sea seguido por un sustantivo pero los possessive pronouns pueden ir solos. Cuando usamos los possessive pronouns se tiene que tener claro de que uno esta hablando sino lo correcto es usar los possessive adjectives.

EJEMPLO DE COMO SE USAN LOS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Y LOS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Whose book is this? (Usar el question word “whose” para hablar de posesión y de usar el sustantivo “book” despues del QW)

a) It is my book. (Here we use the possessive adjective “my” followed by the noun “book”)
b) It is mine. (Here we use the possessive pronoun “mine” and we do not need to put the noun after it).

NOTE: It is also possible to use the POSSESSIVE NOUNS (Ver lección 5 AQUI)

Ejemplo usando el POSSESSIVE NOUN

- It is Juan’s book. (Se utiliza el sustantivo propio aumentandole apostrofe y “s”).

LET’S PRACTICE (EJERCICIOS EN LINEA)

- Ejercicios de POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
- Ejercicios (usar los possessive adjectives o los possessive pronouns)
- Identificar el posessive adjective y possessive pronoun.
- Revisión de los pronombres

Comparative Form of Adjectives LESSON 21

The Comparative Form

We use the comparative  form to compare and contrast different objectsor people in English. Use the comparative form to show the difference between two objects or people and we use THAN before what or who we are comparing to.

Remember that is it VERY IMPORTANT to know and learn adjectives because we will need to use them to form this structure. If you need a list please CLICK HERE.

Example:

Maria is taller than Juan -> RECUERDEN DE UTILIZAR THAN DESPUES DE LA FORMA COMPARATIVA

Miami is more modern than Lima.

*Entonces, usamos “The comparative form” para comparar y contrastar sustantivos usando ADJETIVOS  en INGLES.  Es vital aprender adjetivos asi que se necesitan una lista ir acá (HACER CLICK).

Reglas para formar la forma comparativa en INGLES

In this following table we can learn the rules TABLE #1

Adjective	Rule	Example
Adjective with one syllable Ending in – e Wide Safe 2.Consonant – Vowel – Consonant Big Thin 3. All others Tall	| ADD –r | | Double the consonant and add -er | | ADD –er	| a)      The Honda is wider than the chevrolete b)      A big car is safer than a small one. | | c)      My house is bigger than yours. d)      Joe is thinner than Mary. | e)      John is taller than Brian
Adjectives with two or more syllables Ending in –y Pretty Noisy 2.All others Beautiful Expensive	| | Change the –y to –i and add –er | Use more (or less) before the adjective	| | f)        Ana is prettier than Nina g)      A motorcycle is noisier than a car | h)      Marisu is more beautiful than Elena i)        The shirt is more expensivethan the trousers

Size

Touch

Shape

Time

Quantity

Sound

IRREGULAR FORMS (TABLE 2)

good - better

bad – worse

far -further /farther

Remembre to use THAN after the comparative form. Recuerden de usar “than” (y nunca what) despues de la forma comparativa.

EXAMPLES: My house is more expensive THAN my car John is funnier THAN Tim

LET’S PRACTICE (TABLE 3)

ADJECTIVE	Comparative	ADJECTIVE	Comparative	ADJECTIVE	Comparative
Happy		Cheap		Honest
Difficult		Strong		Busy
Clean		Interesting		Young
Early		Hot		Near
Beautiful		Warm		Funny
Soft		Expensive		Easy
Intelligent		fresh		Bad
Dirty		Kind		Late
Good		Boring		Dangeerous
Careful		Cold		weak

VER RESPUESTAS – CHECK ANSWERS

Exercises

1)      She’s much __________ her husband. (young)

2)      It’s a __________ day _____ yesterday. (warm)

3)      The vegetables in the shop are __________ ­­­_____ the one ones in the supermarket. (fresh)

4)      The train is __________ _____ the bus (expensive)

5)      The new TV programme is  __________ _____ the old one. (funny)

6)      Mrs. Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr. Andrews. (good)

7)      My office is __________ _____ Helen’s. (near)

8)      The traffic is _______________ it was last year. (noisy)

9)      You have a __________ life _____ I have. (busy)

10)  Drivers in this country are _______________________ _____ drivers in my country. (dangerous)

11)  The exam today was _______________ _____ last year’s exam. (difficult)

12)  She’s __________ _____ her sister. (smart)

13)  Micheal is __________ _____ than Mathew. (Rich)

14)  The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before. (intelligent)

15)  Her second book is _______________ _____ her first one. (interesting)

Lista de prepocisiones mas comunes en INGLES – LECCION 22

En esta leccción hablaremos de las preposiciones y daremos una lista de las preposiciones en INGLES mas comunes. Recuerden de participar en InglesTotal mandando audios con comentarios, saludos o preguntas al email contacto(@)inglestotal.com (sin los parentesis)

What are Prepositions?

It is a word used before a noun or pronoun to relate it to the other words. When you form a phrase with the preposition it is called aprepositional phrase. This consists of a preposition and its object. (thefreedictionary.com)

For example:

My English books are in my house.

“in my house” is the prepositional phrase. In is the preposition and house is the object of the prepositional  phrase.

* Como vemos las preposiciones son importantes para unir y relacionar sustantivos

Why are prepositions and prepositional phrases important?

It is important mainly because they indicate a relationship between the object of the prepositional phrase with the rest of the sentence

In these examples, we see how the object of the prepositional phrase “table” is related with the rest of the sentence

The notebook is on the table.
The notebook is under the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the notebook over the table.

* Cuando usamos las preposiciones y los “prepositional phrases” unimos ideas y relacionamos sustantivos con el resto de la oración. Es decir, damos mas profundidad a nuestras oraciones y somos mas claros al hablar puesto que damos mas infromación.

List of most Common Prepositions – Lista de preposiciones en Ingles mas comunes

Aviso: En esta lista damos las traducciones de preposiciones. Estas palabras también pueden ser usados como adverbios, adjectivos, conjunciones haciendo que su tradución varie. Acá les damos las traducciones de las siguientes palabras como preposiciones.

PREPOSITION	TRADUCCION
About	Acerca de /  sobre
Above	Encima de / por encima de
Across	En frente de / cruzando
After	Despues
Against	contra
Along	Por  (una vía paralela) “Go along this street”
Among	Entre (en medio de)
Around	Alrededor de
At	En / a
Before	antes
behind	Detrás de / atrás de
Below	Debajo de / abajo de
beneath	Debajo de / bajo
beside	Al lado de / junto a
Between	Entre (usualmente entre 2 personas u objetos)
By	Por (de autoría “The book was griten by Dan Brown”) / Por (vía de transporte) “I go to school by bus”
During	durante
Except	Excepto / salvo
For	Para (destinatario / uso / propósito)
From	De (origin / remitente)
In	en
In front of	En frente de
Inside	Dentro de
Instead of	En vez de / en lugar de
Into	En / a / con (movimiento de entrar) “Come into my office”
Like	Como / parecido / igual que
Near	Cerca de / junto
Of	De (posesivo)
On	Sobre / en “on the table , on TV,  on Sunday”
Outside	Fuera de
Over	Encima de / por encima de
Since	Desde
Through	Através
To	A (destinación)
Toward / Towards	hacia
Under / Underneath	Debajo de
Until	Hasta
With	con
Within	Dentro de (distancia / tiempo) “ I am going to traval within the next week”
Without	sin

Superlative Form(LECCION 23)

The Superlative Form

Definition:

The superlative is the form of an adjective or adverb that shows which thing has that quality above or below the level of the others. It denotes the greatest degree regarding the quality of the adjective used. (usingenglish.com)

To use the superlative form please review adjectives CLICK HERE.

Example:

Brian is the tallest student in the class -> RECUERDEN DE UTILIZAR THE ANTES DE LA FORMA SUPERLATIVA

Paris is the most beautiful city in the world.

*Entonces, usamos “The superlative form” para comparar establecer la cualidad máxima del adjetivo en uno con relación al contexto. Es decir, es la forma del adjetivo o adverbio que espresa su mayor qualidad. SINECESITAS ADJETIVOS(HACER CLICK).

Por ejemplo:

“Mount Everest is the highest mountain” quiere decir que el Monte Everest es la montaña mas alta. No hay mas alta que el Everest y expresa su supremacia con respecto a las demas montañas en cuanto al adjetivo “high” que es alto.

Reglas para formar la forma Superlativa en INGLES

In this following table we can learn the rules TABLE #1

Adjective	Rule	Example
With one syllable Ending in – e Large 2.Consonant – Vowel – Consonant Hot 3. All others long hard	| the + (adjective + –st) | the  +(Double the consonant and add -est) | the + (Adjective + –est)	| a) Jupiter is the largest planet | | b) The hottest place on earth is Ethiopia. | c) The Great Wall of China is thelongest wall in the world. d) Math is the hardest subject in school.
Adjectives with two or more syllables Ending in –y Easy 2.All others important	| | the +(Change the –y to –i and add –est) the+[Use most (or least) before the adjective]	| | e) The easiest subject for me is geography. | f) The most important thing in life is love

Size

Touch

Shape

Time

Quantity

Sound

IRREGULAR FORMS (TABLE 2)

good - (the) best

bad – (the) worst

far -(the)furthest /farthest

Remember to use THE before the superlative form. Recuerden de usar “the” antes de la forma superlativa.

TAMBIEN CUIDADO CON LA TRADUCCION CON COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. En español no es igual. Impriman las 2 tablas de esta lección y la lección 21 para que aprendan la regla y no tengan errores.

EXAMPLES:

Brian’s car is THE most expensive

LET’S PRACTICE

Exercises

1)  __________ (large)cucumber weighed 66lbs.

2) __________ (popular) tourist attraction in the United States is Disneyworld.

3) __________ (successful) songwriters are Paul Mccartney and the late John Lennon.

4)  __________ (heavy) baby at birth was a boy of 22 lbs. 8 oz. He was born in Italy in 1955

5)  __________ (fat) person was a man in New York.  He weighed almost 1200 lbs.

6)  One of __________ (famous) painters was Pablo Picasso.

7)  __________ (long) attack of hiccups lasted 67 years.

8)  __________ (big) omelet was made of 54,763 eggs.

Countable and Uncountable nouns – Sustantivos contables y no contables (LECCION 24)

Countable nouns – Count nouns

A noun renames a person, place or thing. If a noun is viewed as countable if:

• A or an can be used in front of it : a table, an egg
• It has a plural form : there are two tables
• It can be used in a question with how many: How many rooms are there?
• A number can be used before it: four computers

If a noun is viewed as uncountable:

• a/an cannot be used in front of it: Cereal is healthy
• it does not have a plural form: I like butter (NOT BUTTERS)
• it can be in a question with how much: How much sugar would you like?
• a number isn’t used in front of it: It has little caffeine.
• it always takes a “singular” verb: Milk is good for you.

*** En si los sustantivos contables son aquellos que puedes contar (poner un numero antes del sustantivo: una mesa pero no una agua Todos los liquidos como agua, leche, cerveza, vino son no contables (EN ESPAÑOL PUEDE SER DISTINTO). Tambien las carnes son no contables como pollo, pescado etc.

TABLE

USING THERE IS / ARE WITH COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable		Uncountable
Singular	Plural	One form
(+)There is a chair.	There are some chairs.	There is some water
(-) There isn’t a table.	There aren’t any tables.	There isn’t any cheese.
(?) Is there a bathroom?	Are there any bathrooms?	Is there any coffee?

Conclusions from the table:
• With countable nouns we have two forms: singular and plural and when we refer to uncountable nouns we only use one form.
• When we use the singular form with countable nouns we use a/an and with plurals we use some/any.
• With the uncountable nouns we do not use a/an and we can use some/any
• With countable nouns some/any means “an indefinite number”
• With uncountable nouns some/any means “a portion of”

Conclusiones:

Como vemos cuando un sustantivo es contable hay dos formas: singular y plural pero con los no constables solo hay una forma. Nunca usen la forma plural cuando usen los no contables. También cabe resaltar que cuando usamos el some /any con los contablessignifica algunos/algunas o en negativo ningun pero cuando se usa con los no contables quiere decir algo de. Veamos:

There are some books on the table. (Hay algunos libros)
There aren’t any books. (No hay ningun lbro) Ojo que en español se usa la forma singular de libro pero en inglés no.
Are there any books? (Hay algún libro)There is milk. (Hay algo de leche)
There isn’t any milk. (No hay nada de leche)
Is there any milk? (Hay algo de leche?)

Prepositions of Time and place – Preposiciones en INGLES – LECCION 25

Prepositions of place and time

Before we start presenting more prepositions of place please review Lesson 9 (Link here).

Prepositions of place show where something is in relation to another object or person. They show “position” and help us describe where something is located in a sentence.

In lesson #9 we practiced the prepositions of place and today I would like to expand the conceptwith the rollowing rules.

Prepositions of place and time : IN / ON / AT

Use IN before:

- Countries and cities :Colombia, Bogota (Paises y ciudades)
- Buildings: a shop, a museum (Edificios)
- Months: February, June (Meses)
- Seasons: winter, summer (Estaciones del año)
- Years: 1998, 2003 (Años)
- Times of the day: morning, afternoon, evening – NOT night (Partes del día)

Use ON before:

- Transport: a bike, a bus, train, plane, a ship – NOT car (Transporte)
- A surface: the floor, a table, a shelf, the balcony, the roof, the wall (Superficies)
- Dates: March 1st (Fechas)
- Days: Tuesday, New Year’s Day, Valentine’s Day (Dias)

Use AT before:

- The following words: school, home, work, university, the airport, the station, a bus stop, a party, the door, night, the weekend
- Times: 6 o’clock, half past five, 4:45 pm (Hora)
- Festival periods: Christmas, Easter (Festivales)

More Prepositions of time (colaboración englisch-hilfe.com)

Present Perfect tense Tiempo verbal gramática: 26 Grammar

Today is the last grammar lesson of the basic/elementary course. We are going to study the present perfect  tense. Remember that it is very important to practice and to review.

¿Como se forma el present perfect? ¿Cuando utilizamos el present perfect? Hoy es nuestra última lección gramatical del curso básico/elemental. Vamos a presentar el tiempo gramatical “present perfect” y responder estas interrogantes. Recuerden que es importante practicar y repasar

Before we start with this lesson where you are going to read the Present Perfect tense. Let’s remember the tenses that we have studied up to this point:

The Present Simple and Present Continuous

We have studied these two tenses before. These refer to the present tense but in different ways. The present simple is used to talk about actions that “usually” happen. These actions describe routines or habits. The present continuous is used to describe actions that are happening at the moment in which they are spoken.

Present Simple: For routines, habits and current information
- I usually get up at 6:00 am.
- Tom goes to the gym at weekends.
- Sarah has two children.

Present Continuous: for actions happening at the moment

- We are studying English at InglesTotal.
- I am not watching TV at the moment

** Como vimos estos 2 tiempos gramaticales que hemos estudiado antes (Present tense :LECCION 10 y Present Continuous:LECCION 8) Usan el nombre present ya que tienen una relacion con ella pero de manera distinta. El present tense se usa para describir una acción que sucede usualmente como una rutina en cambio el present continuous es utilizado para describir acciones que suceden en el momento en que se esta hablando. RECUERDEN QUE NO ES LO MISMO EN ESPAÑOL Y POR ELLO ES NECESARIO RESPETAR LAS REGLAS GRAMATICALES DEL IDIOMA QUE UNO APRENDE.

The Present Perfect Tense

This tense has the name “Present” but it has many uses and it is sometimes confusing. Today we are going to study the first use which is for ‘EXPERIENCES”.

The Past Participle form of the verbs

To form the present perfect tense we need to learn a new form of the verb. This is called the past participle.

Regular verbs

When you want to form the past participle of regular verbs, it is the same as the past tense “played”where we add “ed” to the base form.

Examples:

CHART #1

Verb	Past form	Past Particple
Work	Worked	Worked
Talk	Talked	Talked
Study	Studied	Studied
Stay	Stayed	Stayed
Watch	Watched	watched

List of complete regular verbs (enlace con lista completa de verbos regulares):

http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/regular-verbs-list.htm

Irregular verbs

The irregular form of the verbs in past participle change and you have to learn them with practice.

CHART #2

Verb	Past form	Past Particple
be	Was/were	been
eat	ate	eaten
go	went	gone
buy	bought	bought
ride	Rode	ridden
write	wrote	written

List of complete irregular verbs (enlace con la lista completa de verbos irregulares):

http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/irregular-verbs/

The Present Perfect – STRUCTURE / SYNTAX 

Positive form

SUBJECT + [HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE] + COMPLEMENT

CHART #3

Subject	Auxiliary	Past Participle	Complement
I/we/you/they	have	been	to Brazil
He/She/It	has	Eaten	Sushi

Negative form

SUBJECT + [HAVEN'T / HASN'T + PAST PARTICIPLE] + COMPLEMENT

CHAR T#4

Subject	Auxiliary	Past Participle	Complement
I/we/you/they	haven’t	been	to Brazil
He/She/It	hasn’t	eaten	Sushi

Question form

Question word + [HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE] + COMPLEMENT

CHART #5

Question Word	Auxiliary	Subject	Past Participle	Complement
What countries	have	I/we/you/they	been	to?
———————	Has	He/she/it	eaten	Sushi?

Contractions:

He/she/it + has = he’s/she’s/it’s
I/we/you/they + have = I’ve/we’ve/you’ve/they’ve

Short Answers (Yes/no answers)

CHART #6

Positive	Negative
Yes, I/we/you/they have	No. I/we/you/they haven’t
Yes, he/she/it has	No, he/she/it hasn’t

USE of the Perfect Tense

In this class we are going to learn the first use of the present perfect. REMEMBER that there are other uses and we will study these in the pre-intermediate level.

We use the present perfect tense to talk about: AN INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST:  “EXPERIENCES“

When we want to talk about an experience we can use the present perfect tense. An “experience” is something that happened in the time but WE DO NOT KNOW WHEN. Let’s look at the chart.

CHART #7

To emphasize this use of the present perfect we use the word “ever”. More examples:

- Have you ever been to Peru?
In this question we are asking for information about his life experience. We DO NOT CARE or WANT TO KNOW WHEN. It is a question without a definite point in the past.

- I have been to Mexico three times.
We say that in our life we went to Mexico but we DO NOT SAY WHEN.

- Has Laura ever eaten Paella?
We want to know if Laura has eaten paella once in her life. WE DO NOT WANT TO KNOW WHEN.

*** ¿Cuando usamos el present perfect? El present perfect se usa para describir acciones que pasaron antes y sin decir cuando. Es un tiempo indefinido del pasado y se usa para expresar experiencias sin determinar el tiempo en que se dieron. Esto es muy util ya que la pueden usar para pedir informacion en general. “Ever” se utiliza para emfatizar este uso.

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

As we have seen, we can talk about the past with present perfect but we need to learn the differences with the past simple tense.

Present Perfect : Indefinite time in the past
Past Simple: Definite time in the past

Maria has been to Spain (Present Perfect: we do not know when)
Maria went to Spain last year (Past simple: A definite time “last year” other phrases: three days ago, last week, yesterday etc.)

*** Como sabemos, tambien podemos usar el past simple para hablar del pasado pero es cuando es un tiempo definido; es decir, un tiempo exacto. Ya en pre-intermedio ampiaremos este tema

Ejercicios y refuerzo:

Hacer los siguientes ejercicios (las respuestan estan en el audio)